Understanding Vulnerabilities of Renewable Energy Systems For Building Their Resilience to Climate Change Hazards: Key Concepts And Assessment Approaches | Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Achieving Zero Carbon Emission by 2030

Open Access

Review

Table 1

RES vulnerabilities.

Hazard	System	Vulnerability
Vulnerabilities related to climate change
Temperature rise	Hydroelectric power plant	Changes in temperature seasonally increases and decreases water availability
	Biomass and Bioenergy	Increased temperatures adversely affect harvest of crops, either by reducing yields or leading to destruction
	Electricity distribution network	Overload of the network leading to frequent power cuts, frequent failures in high voltage centers, especially insummer months, due to increased cooling demand.
	Photovoltaic (PV)	The efficacy of panels is reduced by 0.5% for every 1°C increase in temperature
Fire	All energy systems	Fires threaten infrastructure and the unhindered operation of all energy systems
Landslide	All energy systems	Soil erosion leads to landslides which threaten the installations of energy systems and their access to raw materials.
Sea level rise	All energy systems located in coastal areas	The infrastructures of coastal energy systems are at risk from flooding.
	Natural gas infrastructure (liquefied gas terminals)
	Marine hydrocarbon extraction facilities
Drought	Gas stations of the interconnected system	Reduced availability of water results in reduced energy availability of thermal plants cooled from lakes or rivers
	Hydroelectric power plants	Reduction in water reserves, resulting from a reduction in rainfall, leading to a reduction in their productivity.
	Biomass/Bioenergy	Change in soil conditions leading to effects on crops productivity.
Windstorm, Cyclone, Hurricane	Wind farms	Risk of stress damage
	Electricity transmission and distribution network	Black-out and power outage risk, as well as material damage to parts of the electrical network.
	Photovoltaic (PV)	Very strong winds lead to dust deposition in solar panels, which leads to a reduction in their performance.
Hail, Storm, Lightning	Electricity transmission and distribution network	Black-out and power outage risk, as well as material damage to parts of the electrical network.
	Photovoltaic (PV)	Exposure to weather adversities, such as heavy hail, makes PV vulnerable leading to destruction or trouble.
	Wind farms	Risk of stress damage
Flood	All energy systems close to aquifers	Risk of destruction of energy system infrastructure.
	Electricity transmission and distribution network	Risk of destruction of coastal infrastructure.
	Hydroelectric power plants	Flood phenomena lead to water storage problems due to increased drainage of aquifers.
	Biomass/Bioenergy	Destruction of crops, leading to a reduction in available raw materials
Geophysical vulnerabilities
Earthquake	All energy systems	Buildings damages
Tsunami	All energy systems	Buildings damage in coastal areas
Volcanic eruption	All energy systems	Buildings damage in volcanic areas

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