Paraffin As a Phase Change Material to Improve Building Performance: An Overview of Applications and Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Techniques | Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability

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Table 3

Thermal improvements of PPCM incorporated building envelope.

Composition (PCM melting temperature, °C)	Incorporation method	Construction element	Main findings and remarks	Ref.
Paraffin (44)/ Concrete	Direct mixing	Foam concrete	•The thermal storage capacity of composite PPCM/concrete is enhanced over conventional concrete •Composite PPCM/concrete with 45% PPCM content had the best stable structure considering the thermal performance and leakage issues.	[78]
Paraffin (44)/expanded graphite/ Cement	Direct mixing	Building outer surfaces and sandwiched middle enclosures of walls	•Foamed cement blocks of 30% PPCM content have the best thermal energy storage performance and efficiently maintain the indoor temperature.	[79]
Paraffin Wax (58.5)/ Conical concrete holes	Direct mixing	Walls	•The cooling load was reduced by 9%. Moreover, an energy-saving of 31% and a time lag of 184 min were obtained.	[80]
RT28 (28)/ Concrete	Impregnation	Autoclave aerated concrete	•The thermal storage capacity of concrete improved with 40% PPCM impregnation •Two-thirds of PPCM/concrete is appropriate to ensure the optimal thermal performance of PPCM and prevent leakage upon melting.	[81]
Micronal 5038X (26) and Micronal 5040X (23)/ Cement mortar	Micro-encapsulation	Internal and external wall applications	•The comfort period increased by about 15% during the entire year by mixing 15 wt% of PPCM with cement mortar.	[82]
Paraffin (27-29)/ Extruded polystyrene/ gypsum	Macro-encapsulation (high-density polyethene spheres)	Wallboard	•The internal wall surface temperature was reduced by 21.4% and 23.9% during summer and winter •Annual average energy-saving of 23.1% was achieved.	[83]
Paraffin wax (44) incorporated separately	Macro-encapsulation (aluminium pipes, rectangular cross-section)	Walls and ceiling	•Cooling load reduction up to 20.9% and a maximum electricity saving of 1.35 Dollars/Day m³ were obtained.	[84]
RT27 (27.5) incorporated separately	Macro-encapsulation (copper pipes, circular cross-section)	Walls	•Energy-saving of 63.81W-hr/m² and a time delay of 116min was achieved •Maximum heat flux reduced by 22.45% •A maximum energy saving of 32.67W-hr/m² was obtained.	[85]
RT-21 (21-22)/ Pre- fabricated concrete slab	Macro-encapsulated (circular aluminium tubes)	Ceiling	•Energy-saving of 25% and 40% achieved during severe and mild winter conditions.	[86]
Paraffin (23-27) incorporated separately into the interior	Shape-stabilized	Walls	•An average annual energy-saving of 5% was obtained •The peak temperature in summer was reduced by 4.1 °C.	[87]

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