Open Access
Review
Table 10
Barriers and factors hindering the hydropower development.
| Barriers | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Policy and regulations | Common understanding of public and private sector actors to fit together and form an intact mechanism includes; | Kabaka and Gwang'ombe [22]; Ahlborg and Hammar [61]; Rickerson, et al. [62] |
| – To formulate electrification plan to utilize the available resources | ||
| – To facilitate the transfer of knowledge and skills | ||
| – To make commercially viable for remote and rural electrification projects | ||
| – Confusion to identify the small hydropower definitions with policymakers against large hydropower | ||
| Financial viability | – High investment risk with too slow the rate of return | |
| – Number of potential investors are not managing to secure funding, i.e. many of the banks are not familiar with the hydropower business | ||
| Market characteristics | – Not manage to pay the initial connection costs and monthly bills | |
| – Long transmission and distribution distances because of sparse population as well low load centres | ||
| – A large proportion of electricity used for household (lighting, heating, cooking) and social welfare services (education, healthcare, water supply) | ||
| – Limited used in grain milling, preserving agricultural crops, irrigation, industrial production, entertainment and rarely ICT | ||
| Unreliable fuel supply and demand | – Drastic seasonal changes in the flow of water resources | Javadi et al. [63]; Kaunda et al. [64]; Adebayo et al. [20] |
| – Low population density area and poverty to the existing hydropower site | ||
| Construction of large dams and maintenance | – Lacking plan, design and limited human capacity and low level of government to finance the projects | |
| – Inability to accumulate enough amounts of water during the wet season | ||
| – Difficult to purchase fuel and replacement parts | ||
| – Inappropriately low electricity tariffs | ||
| Poverty and theft | Customers are the billed-debt accumulation and refuse or delay to pay | |
| Technology | Technology is pushed without explicitly taking into consideration the market demand resulted in either: | Mondal et al. [65]; Kaunda et al. [66] |
| – Projects are abandoned after the pilot period or | ||
| – Technologies remain in place but stop functioning | ||
| Knowledge and skills | – Lack of awareness of renewable energy i.e. hydropower in public, industry, utility and financial institutions | |
| – Limited empirical knowledge on costs and benefits of the range of technologies available | ||
| Involvement of relevant stakeholders | – Lack of involvement of local entrepreneurs, end users and local investors | |
| – Lack of well set up of local management, local manufacturing facilities, operation and maintenance | ||
| – Rural electrification sets up is not well linked to the municipal, districts, regional and government | ||
| – Lack of knowledge and acknowledgement in social, environmental and cumulative impacts toward the implementation of the projects | ||
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