Prospects of electricity storage | Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability

Achieving Zero Carbon Emission by 2030

Open Access

Review

Table 3

Economic and environmental parameters of the storage.

Storage type	Capital cost (power-based) €/kWh	Capital cost (energy-based) €/kWh	Charge time	Discharge time	Environmental impact	Source
Pumped-hydro	1700–2550	4.25–85	hr–months	1–24hr+	Large	[4]
	510–1700	4.25–85				[5]
		10.2–71.4				[7]
Compressed air	340–850	1.7–102	hr–months	1–24hr+	Large	[4]
	340–680	1.7–42.5				[5]
		3.4–71.4				[7]
Flywheel	212.5–297.5	850–11900	sec–min	ms–15min	Almost none	[4]
	255–850	2550–5100				[5]
		340–680				[7]
Lithium-ion	765–3400	510–3230	min–days	min–hr	Moderate	[4]
	1020–3400	85–2125				[5]
		765–1105				[7]
Lead–acid	255–510	170–340	min–days	s–hr	Moderate	[4]
	255–510	170–340				[5]
		51–102				[7]
Nickle-Cadmium	425–1275	340–2040	min–days	s–hr	Moderate	[4]
	425–1275	680–1275				[5]
		340–2040				[7]
Natrium-Sulfur	850–2550	255–425	sec–hr	s–hr	Moderate	[4]
	850–2550	255–425				[5]
		212.5–456.45				[7]
Vanadium-Redox	510–1275	127.5–850	hr–months	s–24hr+	Moderate	[4]
	850–2550	255–425				[5]
	–	–				[7]
Hydrogen Fuel Cell	425–850	12.75	hr–months	1–24hr+	Small	[4]
	425–850	–				[5]
		11.9–15.3				[7]
Capacitor	170–340	425–850	sec–hr	ms–60min	Small	[4]
	170–340	425–850				[5]
	–	–				[7]
Supercapacitor	85–382.2	255–1700	sec–hr	ms–60 min	None	[4]
	110.5–437.75	8500				[5]
	–	–				[7]
Superconducting magnetic	170–415.65	850–61200	min–hr	ms–8s	Moderate	[4]
	110.5–437.75	850–8500				[5]
		6083.45–17000				[7]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.