Open Access
Table 4
Summary of the systematic literature review barriers.
| References | Question; What are the most important barriers to the expansion of wind farms in Brazil? | Barriers |
|---|---|---|
| [13] | Government subsidies and exclusion of environmental costs. | – Favoring Conventional Energy (Subsidies) – No Consideration of Externalities |
| [3] | Subsidies for fossil fuel consumption; technological difficulties; unreliable information; high initial capital costs; market volatility and institutional aspects (financing risks, little credibility and regulatory stability). Lack of political commitment by elected government. | – Favoring Conventional Energy (Subsidies) – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure – Lack of Information and Knowledge – High Capital Costs – Unstable Macroeconomic Environment – Uncertainty of Government Policies |
| [14] | Local social conflicts. | – Lack of Social Acceptance |
| [15] | Exclusion of externalities. | – No Consideration of Externalities |
| [16] | High initial cost and transmission infrastructure. | – High Capital Cost – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure |
| [17] | Opposition from local community. | – Lack of Social Acceptance |
| [18] | Interconnection problems with the national electrical system have caused delays to the start of operation of wind farms (cost) | – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure – High Transaction Cost |
| [19] | Inadequate transmission infrastructure, lack of clear regulations to obtain licenses, unattractive financial loans and unstable macroeconomic environment. | – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure – Lack of Legal/Regulatory Framework – Unstable Macroeconomic Environment |
| [20] | Congestion of transmission lines. | – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure |
| [12] | Lack of recent, detailed and accurate wind data; subsidies to conventional energy sources; weak grid infrastructure; high upfront capital costs; inadequately designed support instruments and limited access to wind farms. | – Lack of Information and Knowledge – High Transaction Costs – Favoring conventional energy (subsidies) – High Capital Cost – System Restrictions – Lack of Infrastructure – Unstable Macroeconomic Environment – Uncertainty of Governmental Policies |
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